The Complete Guide to Display Coatings: How AG, AF, and AR Solutions Solve Critical Display Problems

Why Do Display Coating Problems Cost Businesses Money?

Every day, businesses lose productivity and customer satisfaction due to display readability issues. Outdoor kiosks become unreadable in sunlight. Medical equipment screens create dangerous glare for healthcare workers. Touch devices accumulate fingerprints, which can be frustrating for users and require regular cleaning. Industrial control panels reflect overhead lighting, making critical information difficult to see.

At Orient Display, we’ve engineered coating solutions to help manufacturers solve these exact problems across automotive, medical, industrial, and consumer applications. The right coating choice can mean the difference between a display that enhances user experience and one that creates operational headaches.

What Are AG, AF, and AR Display Coatings?

Display coatings are specialized surface treatments that solve specific visibility and usability problems. The three most effective solutions are:

AG (Anti-Glare) reduces harsh reflections and eye strain by creating a matte surface that scatters light, making displays more comfortable to view under bright lighting.

AF (Anti-Fingerprint) creates an oil and water-repelling surface that prevents fingerprint buildup and makes displays easier to clean, crucial for touch interfaces.

AR (Anti-Reflection) uses optical interference to eliminate mirror-like reflections while maintaining crystal-clear image quality, essential for outdoor and high-brightness applications.

How Do These Coatings Compare for Performance and Applications?

Based on our extensive testing and customer deployments, here’s how these coatings perform across key metrics:

Coating Type Primary Function Surface Appearance Best Applications Key Benefit
AG (Anti-Glare) Reduces harsh glare and eye strain Matte finish with slight texture Indoor displays, office equipment, reading devices Enhanced visual comfort in bright environments
AF (Anti-Fingerprint) Repels oils and fingerprints Smooth, easy-to-clean surface Touch screens, mobile devices, kiosks Reduced maintenance, improved touch experience
AR (Anti-Reflection) Eliminates reflections, increases light transmission Crystal clear, transparent Outdoor displays, automotive, high-end electronics Maximum clarity and contrast in all lighting

Can You Combine Different Coating Types?

Yes, and many applications benefit significantly from combined treatments. Here’s what our engineering experience has shown works best:

Coating Combination Performance Benefits Best Use Cases Trade-offs to Consider
AG + AR Enhanced visual comfort with improved clarity Automotive displays, industrial HMI Slight reduction in sharpness due to AG matte effect
AG + AF Comfortable viewing plus easy cleaning Office equipment, indoor kiosks AF layer must be matched to AG surface texture
AR + AF Maximum clarity with fingerprint resistance High-end smartphones, tablets, premium displays Higher cost but superior user experience
AG + AR + AF Complete protection and performance Medical equipment, luxury automotive, outdoor industrial displays Highest cost and processing complexity

What’s the Best Coating for Outdoor Displays?

For outdoor applications, AR (Anti-Reflection) coating is typically the superior choice for outdoor use scenarios.

Outdoor displays face direct sunlight, which creates intense reflections that make screens unreadable. AR coating provides enhanced clarity and anti-reflection performance. AR coating can significantly improve visibility in bright outdoor conditions.

However, for cost-sensitive outdoor applications, AG coating is often recommended for cost-sensitive outdoor use, providing a reasonable compromise for glare reduction.

Our Recommendation: For applications requiring maximum clarity and outdoor visibility, choose AR coating. For budget-conscious applications, AG provides good value for outdoor glare reduction.

Which Coating Should Automotive Manufacturers Choose?

Automotive displays require the most demanding performance standards due to safety implications and harsh operating conditions. Based on our automotive partnerships, here’s what works:

For Dashboard and Center Console Displays: For automotive and industrial HMIs, we recommend:

  • AG + AR or AG + AR + AF composite treatment provides optimal performance
  • AG reduces glare and relieves visual fatigue
  • AR reduces reflectance and enhances image clarity
  • AF prevents fingerprint buildup that could obstruct critical information

For HUD (Head-Up Display) Applications:

  • AR coating is essential to prevent double imaging
  • Must achieve very low reflectance for optical clarity
  • Requires high-performance AR treatment for durability

What Coating Works Best for Touch Devices?

Touch devices prioritize feel, cleanliness, and visual quality. Here’s our recommended approach:

For Consumer Electronics (Phones, Tablets):

  • AF + AR combination delivers the best user experience
  • AF coating provides a smooth touch feel and fingerprint resistance
  • AR coating maintains display clarity and reduces battery drain from increased brightness compensation

For Industrial Touch Panels:

  • AG + AF combination handles harsh usage patterns
  • AG reduces glare in industrial lighting environments
  • AF coating must withstand frequent cleaning with industrial solvents

How Are These Coatings Manufactured and Applied?

Understanding the manufacturing process helps explain performance differences and cost variations. Here are the primary methods we use:

AG (Anti-Glare) Processing Methods

Chemical Etching (Glass Applications)

  • Process: Acid etching creates microscopic surface irregularities
  • Performance: 88-91% light transmission, 3-6% reflectance
  • Best for: High-durability applications, harsh environments
  • Cost: Medium

AG Film Application

  • Process: Micro-particle resin coating applied to PET film base
  • Performance: 89-93% light transmission, 2-4% reflectance
  • Best for: Cost-effective applications, easy installation
  • Cost: Medium to high

AF (Anti-Fingerprint) Processing Methods

Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)

  • Process: Vacuum deposition of fluorinated compounds
  • Performance: Contact angle up to 120°, >6H hardness
  • Best for: High-durability, frequent-touch applications
  • Cost: High

Solvent-Based Coating

  • Process: Solution application of fluorosilane compounds
  • Performance: Contact angle 100-115°, moderate durability
  • Best for: Standard consumer applications
  • Cost: Low to medium

UV-Cured Nanocoating

  • Process: UV-polymerized fluoropolymer coating
  • Performance: Contact angle 95-110°, good weather resistance
  • Best for: Outdoor applications, balanced cost/performance
  • Cost: Medium

AR (Anti-Reflection) Processing Methods

Vacuum Thin-Film Coating

  • Process: Multi-layer optical films (MgF₂, SiO₂, TiO₂) deposited in vacuum
  • Performance: <0.5% reflectance, 97-99% transmission
  • Best for: Premium applications requiring maximum performance
  • Cost: High

Sol-Gel Nanocoating

  • Process: Spray or dip application of nanoscale materials
  • Performance: 1-2% reflectance, 96-98% transmission
  • Best for: Cost-effective AR solution
  • Cost: Medium

Moth-Eye Nanostructure

  • Process: Etched nanoscale surface structures
  • Performance: <0.2% reflectance, 98-99% transmission
  • Best for: Ultra-premium applications, wide viewing angles
  • Cost: Very high

How Long Do Different Coating Types Last?

AF film adhesion and service life depend on the substrate and coating technology; it is prone to wear in environments with frequent wiping. Chemical-etched AG glass provides high durability with abrasion resistance, while AG films depend on the coating quality.

Key Durability Factors:

  • Chemical-etched AG: High durability, abrasion resistant
  • AG Films: Durability depends on coating quality
  • PVD AF: Superior adhesion and longevity compared to other AF methods
  • Solvent-based AF: Average durability, prone to degradation
  • Vacuum AR coating: Excellent stability and long durability

Coating durability directly impacts total cost of ownership and should be considered when selecting treatments for specific applications.

How Much Do Different Coatings Cost?

Coating costs vary but does not provide specific cost multipliers. Cost considerations include initial treatment, durability, and maintenance over the product lifecycle. Different processing methods have varying cost implications:

  • Chemical etching: Medium cost
  • AG Film: Medium to high cost
  • PVD AF: High cost
  • Solvent-based AF: Low to medium cost
  • UV-cured AF: Medium cost
  • Vacuum AR: High cost
  • Sol-Gel AR: Medium cost
  • Moth-Eye nanostructure: Very high cost

High-end products often employ AG + AR + AF three-layer composite films or coatings, which have the highest cost and greatest processing difficulty.

What Makes Orient Display’s Coating Solutions Different?

Our 2 decades of display engineering experience mean we understand both the technical requirements and real-world challenges our customers face. We provide comprehensive technical analysis and application-specific recommendations to help you select the optimal coating solution.

Technical Expertise: We offer detailed guidance on coating selection, processing methods, and performance optimization for specific applications across automotive, medical, industrial, and consumer electronics sectors. Our engineering team understands the critical performance requirements for each application type and can recommend the most effective coating combinations for your specific needs.

Contact our engineering team to request a consultation: tech@orientdisplay.com

How Do I Choose the Right Coating for My Application?

Use this decision framework based on your primary requirements:

Step 1: Identify Your Primary Challenge

  • Glare/Eye Strain: Start with AG coating evaluation
  • Fingerprints/Cleaning: Prioritize AF coating solutions
  • Reflections/Outdoor Visibility: Focus on AR coating options

Step 2: Consider Your Environment

  • Indoor/Controlled Lighting: AG or AF coating often sufficient
  • Outdoor/Variable Lighting: AR coating typically required
  • High-Touch Applications: AF coating essential

Step 3: Evaluate Performance Requirements

  • Consumer Products: Balance cost and performance
  • Professional/Industrial: Prioritize durability and reliability
  • Safety-Critical: Choose proven, high-performance solutions

Step 4: Assess Total Cost of Ownership

  • Initial Cost: Compare coating treatment costs
  • Maintenance: Factor in cleaning and replacement costs
  • User Experience: Consider productivity and satisfaction impacts

What Questions Should I Ask When Selecting a Coating Partner?

When evaluating coating suppliers, these questions reveal technical capability and experience:

Technical Questions:

  • What specific coating processes do you control in-house?
  • Can you provide performance data from similar applications?
  • How do you ensure coating uniformity across large displays?
  • What quality control testing do you perform?

Experience Questions:

  • How many similar projects have you completed?
  • Can you provide customer references in my industry?
  • What technical challenges have you solved for similar applications?
  • How do you handle custom coating requirements?

Support Questions:

  • What engineering support do you provide during design?
  • How do you handle performance testing and validation?
  • What documentation and certification can you provide?
  • How do you support field issues or warranty claims?

Ready to Solve Your Display Coating Challenges?

Whether you’re dealing with outdoor readability issues, fingerprint accumulation, or glare problems, the right coating solution can transform your display performance. Our engineering team has solved these exact challenges across thousands of applications.

Next Steps:

  1. Technical Consultation: Share your application requirements with our engineering team
  2. Performance Testing: We’ll recommend optimal coating solutions and provide test samples
  3. Cost Analysis: Receive detailed pricing and total cost of ownership analysis
  4. Production Planning: Integrate coating solutions into your manufacturing timeline

Contact our engineering team: tech@orientdisplay.com

Request a consultation: Share your display specifications, operating environment, and performance requirements for customized coating recommendations.

Orient Display has been engineering custom display solutions with expertise spanning automotive, medical, industrial, and consumer electronics applications. Our coating solutions are deployed in devices worldwide, from automotive dashboards to medical equipment interfaces.

Dual-Layer LCD Architecture Balancing Power Efficiency and Visual Performance

Introducing a Smarter Low-Power LCD Design for Small Home Appliances

In the ever-evolving world of smart appliances, power efficiency and user experience are equally vital. We’re excited to introduce our innovative dual-layer LCD solution, designed specifically for small home appliance applications that demand both high-resolution visuals and ultra-low-power standby modes.

The Architecture: Two Displays in One Panel

Our LCD module integrates two independent layers:

Upper Layer: Segment-type SVTN (VA panel)

Lower Layer: High-resolution IPS panel

This unique structure allows the device to switch seamlessly between high-performance display and low-power standby mode:

IPS Display (Active Mode):
When the device is in use, the vibrant IPS panel delivers a crisp, detailed user interface.

SVTN (VA) Display (Standby Mode):
When idle, the device shifts to the VA segment display. This layer consumes extremely low power, and can still display dynamic information like time, temperature, or status updates. To further reduce energy use, the backlight can be dimmed without losing visibility.

 

Why Not Use RAM-LCD ICs Instead?

While an alternative solution is to use a RAM-integrated LCD driver IC, that approach has several limitations:

  1. Static-only content unless the MCU frequently wakes up—leading to more power consumption.
  2. Software complexity increases significantly with real-time content.
  3. Higher BOM cost due to limited IC availability and premium pricing.

In contrast, our SVTN (VA) -based design is:

  1. Software-friendly: Minimal MCU involvement needed.
  2. Cost-effective: SVTN (VA) segments are simpler to drive, and component selection is broader.
  3. Power-efficient with dynamic capability.

Application Scenarios

Smart kettles, cookers, and humidifiers

IoT-enabled thermostats or timers

Battery-powered home gadgets requiring long standby time

 

E-ink Digital Art Frame Introduction

History of E-Ink Digital Art Frames

 

Early Inspiration (2000s) – E Ink’s Birth and First Uses

E Ink or E-Paper was invented at MIT in the late 1990s  (later commercialized by E Ink Corporation in 1997). Its first major application was eReaders like the Amazon Kindle, thanks to its paper-like readability and low power consumption.

During this time, digital picture frames using LCDs began to appear, but they were power-hungry and always needed to be plugged in. While people loved the idea of dynamic art displays, traditional LCDs weren’t ideal for minimalist or power-efficient decor—enter e-ink.

Niche and Experimental Frames (2010–2015)

In the early 2010s, some DIY enthusiasts and early adopters began using small ePaper displays (like those from Pervasive Displays or Waveshare) to create custom digital frames. These were typically black-and-white, used for line drawings or comics, and updated via Raspberry Pi or Arduino.

Projects like:

  • Framed 2.0 (2014 Kickstarter) tried using e-ink for art but pivoted to high-end LCD.
  • Kindle hacks let people display static images or art on old Kindle screens.

These were creative but limited, due to small screen sizes, low resolution, and lack of color.

Commercial Emergence (2016–2020)

As E Ink technology improved, a few startups began releasing dedicated e-ink digital art frames, emphasizing minimalism, aesthetic calmness, and zero light pollution. Key players included:

  • Modos Paper Monitor – focused on productivity and code/art display
  • Visionect / Joan – used e-ink for signage but inspired display ideas
  • Framestation, Inkplate – DIY-friendly open-source displays

Still, most were DIY or commercial signage rather than high-resolution color frames for digital fine art.

Breakthroughs with Color E Ink (2020–2023)

The launch of E Ink Kaleido (color filter) and Spectra (multi-color particles) marked a turning point. These allowed for limited color digital art, though still with lower saturation than LCDs.

Now, new products like:

  • Lemur Ink – aimed at artists and collectors
  • Color e-ink photo frames from China (Alibaba, Waveshare panels)
  • QuirkLogic and Mudita – focused on lifestyle calmness and intentional display

They emphasized ultra-low power, eco-friendliness, and aesthetic quietness, aligning with modern interior design and wellness trends.

Spectra 6 and the Future (2024+)

With E Ink Spectra 6 in 2023–2024, digital art frames can now display six vivid colors (including blue and green) with high contrast (30:1) and resolutions up to 200 PPI.

This enables:

  • Larger frame sizes (up to 75”)
  • Museum-quality visuals
  • Ultra-low power “always-on” displays
  • Integration with NFT galleries and generative art

Startups and artists are now exploring connected art platforms, where owners can stream curated artworks or generative visuals to their frame via Wi-Fi or blockchain wallets.

 

What is E-Ink Spectra 6

 

E Ink Spectra 6 is the latest generation of color electronic paper (ePaper) display technology developed by E Ink Corporation, designed specifically for retail signage, digital art, and low-power displays. It represents a major leap forward in color richness, contrast, and resolution compared to previous e-ink color technologies.

Key Features of E-Ink Spectra 6

Feature                           Details

🖍️ Color Range          Six pigments: black, white, red, yellow, blue, and green

🌈 Color Accuracy    Capable of displaying over 60,000 colors via advanced dithering

📐 Resolution             Up to 200 PPI (pixels per inch) for detailed, crisp images

🌓 Contrast Ratio      Up to 30:1 — much higher than previous color e-ink generations

⚡ Power Usage         No power required to retain an image (bi-stable); updates use power

🔋 Battery Life            Can last months to years on a single charge depending on usage

🖥️ Sizes Available     Ranges from 4″ to 75″ — popular sizes include 7.3″, 13.3″, 25.3″

🧩 Interface Options              SPI, USB, BLE, or Wi-Fi depending on integration hardware

E Ink Spectra 6 is the most vibrant, color-accurate, and power-efficient ePaper technology available for static displays. It’s opening new doors in digital art, signage, and ambient visual tech—where beauty meets sustainability.

 

How E-ink Spectra 6 works

E Ink Spectra 6 uses microcapsules filled with charged color particles suspended in fluid. By applying different electrical charges, the desired pigment rises to the surface, forming pixels in any of the six colors. Once in place, the image stays without power until the next refresh.

For more information, please visit: https://www.eink.com/tech/detail/How_it_works

 

The Popular E-Ink Digital Art Frames Sizes

Size       Resolution PPI
4″ 600*400 ~180
7.3″ 800*480 127
10” 1600*1200 200
8.14″ 1024*576 144
13.3″ 1200*1600 150
25.3″ 3200*1800 145
28.5”  2160*3080 132
31.5″ 2560*1440 94

 

The Players in E-Ink Digital Art Frames

A lot of startups have been working on E-Ink Digital Art Frames, but all of them use Spectra 6.  The most well known ones are listed as below.

Bloomin8 (by Arpobot)

  • A crowd‑funded digital art frame debuting March 19, 2025 on Kickstarter/Indiegogo.
  • Available in 7.3″, 13.3″, and 28.5″ sizes, battery-powered (up to ~1 year), and Wi‑Fi/Bluetooth/Job‑Assistant compatible

Reflection Frame (Creative Design Worx)

  • A 13.3″ Spectra 6 frame featuring NFC pairing, Bluetooth LE updates via smartphone, Kickstarter‑backed ($249–329 early bird).
  • UI connectivity is optimized for simplicity and power efficiency

InkPoster (PocketBook + Sharp)

  • A digital wall poster/art display available in 13.3″, 28.5″, 31.5″ sizes.
  • Charges once a year, equipped with Wi‑Fi/Bluetooth, app-connected for curated artworks and personal uploads

These platforms illustrate the shift from display hardware to connected art ecosystems—powered by APIs, smartphone apps, and even AI content generation. Whether you’re a collector or creative, these Spectra 6 frames offer nearly silent, power-efficient, and paper-like canvases that softly transform your space.

The full list players are listed below:

Aluratek Kickstarter – https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/…

Bloomin8 – https://bloomin8.com/product/einkcanvas

Reflection Frame – https://www.reflectionframe.com/

Inkposter – https://inkposter.com

Paperless Paper – https://paperlesspaper.de/e

Samsung EDMX

 

What Orient Display is Involved in E-Ink Digital Art Frames Creations?

  • E-ink Spectra 6 EDP sourcing
  • Laminate the protection glass to EDP
  • Touch design, manufacturing and integration.
  • Front Light, design, manufacturing and Integration (if any crazy ideas)
  • EDP driving board includes PCB layout, SMT, testing and firmware. Our engineers are familiar with ESP32.
  • Housing and frame with aluminum, plastic or wood material.
  • The whole assembly and packaging.

 

If you have any questions, please contact our engineering team.

Browse our standard E-Ink products from our online store.

 

What is In-Cell Technology

Have you ever heard of in-cell touchscreen technology? If not, you might be wondering what it means.

In this blog, we will take a closer look at in-cell technology while revealing how it works and the benefits it offers.

From smartphones and tablets to human machine interfaces (HMI) and more, many touchscreens are now designed with in-cell technology.

In-Cell Technology in the display industry refers to a touchscreen integration method where the touch sensors are embedded directly into the LCD or OLED display layer, eliminating the need for a separate touch layer.

Display technology has evolved rapidly in recent years. GFF,  On-cell, and TDDI/IN-CELL technologies are among the most significant innovations. These technologies have reshaped the design and performance of touchscreens in various devices, including consumer electronics and industrial systems.

For more information about TDDI , please refer below link in Orient Display Blogs section:

https://www.orientdisplay.com/introduction-to-embedded-touch-display-driver-chip-tddi/

Advantages & Benefits of In-cell Technology

  1. Slimmer, Lighter Design:  Since the touch sensors are integrated into the display pixels, there is no need for additional touch panel, hence able to reducing overall thickness.  In-cell technology allows for thinner displays, ideal for compact devices.
  2. Better Display Quality: With fewer layers, less reflection, more light passes through, improved brightness/contrast.
  1. Improved Touch Sensitivity & Accuracy: Direct integration reduces signal interference, leading to faster and more precise touch response.
  2. Cost-Efficiency: In-cell displays are cost-effective, as they reduce the need for multiple components.
  3. Reduce the weight of a touchscreen:  Touchscreens with both a display layer and a digitizer layer weigh more than those with a single and integrated layer. It’s not a substantial difference, but the use of in-cell technology can lower the weight of a touchscreen nonetheless.
  4. Size and Resolution Orient Display developed, as below chart, size range from 1.9” to 12.1”, more sizes coming, pls contact with Orient Display support engineers

In-cell technologies offer thinner designs, faster touch response times, and better durability. As the demand for more compact and efficient devices continues to grow, we believe the In-cell technologies will play a crucial role in shaping the future of display and touch solutions. Understanding these innovations gives us a glimpse into the future of display technology and how it will impact various industries.

Introduction to Mini LED Display Technology

Mini LED, also known as “sub-millimeter light-emitting diode,” is a type of LED chip with a much smaller size. Typically, the chip size of a Mini LED ranges from 50 to 200 μm. This means that within the same area, Mini LEDs can accommodate a greater number of light beads, allowing for more precise local dimming control.

Mini LED technology was initially widely used in the television industry. However, in recent years, as backlight technology has continued to advance and the size of LED chips has been reduced to 50 μm, the application of Mini LED backlighting has gradually expanded from TVs—suitable for long-distance viewing—to monitors, which are better suited for close-up use.

Compared to traditional monitors, Mini LED displays offer more refined image quality, higher brightness, and a thinner form factor. They fully retain the RGB primary colors, resulting in better color integrity and a wider color gamut, with brightness levels approaching those of OLED displays. Since Mini LEDs are smaller than conventional LEDs, they enable more precise control of the LCD panel’s backlight. When combined with advanced local dimming technology, this results in significantly higher contrast. As a result, Mini LED displays are notably thinner. All these advantages make Mini LED an ideal choice for professional display applications where color accuracy, resolution, and overall performance are critical.

Essentially, Mini LED still falls under the category of LCD screens, consisting of a backlight module, liquid crystal layer, color filter, and other components. The backlight module serves as the primary light source and is made up of many LED beads arranged in sequence. The most noticeable difference between Mini LED and traditional LCDs lies in the size of the LED beads—Mini LED panels can accommodate significantly more LEDs within the same panel size, resulting in a substantial boost in display brightness.

Mini LED has already become the best current option and is considered a transitional technology from small-pitch LED to Micro LED in the long term. Compared to small-pitch LEDs, Mini LED displays offer smaller LED chip sizes, denser LED arrangements, and higher resolution (PPI), making them particularly suitable for large-size 4K/8K LED TVs.

  •  Advantages of Mini LED

 

  • Requirements of Display Products

  • Trends of Display Products

  • Technology Route: Smaller LED Chips

  • Different Substrates Comparison for Mini LED

  • Glass Substrate Structure for Passive Mini LED

  • High Reliability Tests for Mini LED to Enable the Technology Used in Automotive

  • Examples of Mini LED used in Automotive Applications

If you have any questions, please contact our Orient Display engineers.

Brightness Enhancement Film (BEF) and Dual Brightness Enhancement Film (DBEF) Analysis

Brightness Enhancement Film (BEF)

Brightness Enhancement Film (BEF), also known as a Prism Sheet, is a key component in the backlight module of TFT-LCDs. It is an optical film with precise microstructures that concentrates scattered light from the light source into a forward direction, narrowing the spread to approximately 70 degrees. This makes it an important energy-saving element in LCDs.

A single BEF can typically increase brightness by about 40–60%. When two BEF films are used together with their prism orientations placed at 90 degrees to each other, even higher brightness enhancement can be achieved.

The function of the BEF is to direct light, which would otherwise spread over a wide range of angles, into a narrower, forward-facing angle to increase the intensity of light seen from the front. Essentially, a basic brightness enhancement film is a prism sheet that refracts, reflects, and concentrates light to achieve enhanced brightness.

The drawback of BEF is that, at the same brightness level, the screen appears brighter when viewed directly from the front, but the image becomes dimmer when viewed from an angle.

DBEF (Dual Brightness Enhancement Film)

DBEF (Dual Brightness Enhancement Film) is a reflective polarizer that reflects S-polarized light before it is absorbed by the LCD panel. Through repeated reflections, it allows approximately 40% of the S-polarized light to be reused.

The light emitted from the backlight can be decomposed into P- and S-polarized light, which are orthogonal in polarization direction. DBEF can recycle and reuse the S-polarized light that would otherwise be absorbed by the polarizer, thereby improving the light utilization efficiency of the backlight system.

Compared to BEF, DBEF improves light utilization and increases brightness while overcoming the viewing angle limitations of BEF. Therefore, BEF is sometimes referred to as a “collimating film,” while DBEF is called a “brightness enhancement film.”

BEF and DBEF can be used together to maximize light emission efficiency and to optimize the cost.

Please also refer to the pictures below for the actual products Orient Display made. The right side is with BEF only, the right side is the combination of BEF and DBEF.

 

If you have any questions, please contact our technical support team.

Terminology and Comparison in Embedded System

Arduino

Arduino-Compatible Boards

These work with the Arduino IDE and libraries:

  1. Seeeduino (by Seeed Studio)
    • Fully Arduino-compatible; often more compact or cheaper.
    • Versions like Seeeduino Lotus include Grove ports for easy sensor integration.
  2. SparkFun RedBoard
    • Same ATmega328P chip as Arduino Uno.
    • Designed for better USB compatibility and robustness.
  3. Adafruit Metro
    • Arduino Uno-compatible.
    • Comes in ATmega328 or M0/M4 (more powerful ARM) variants.
  4. Elegoo Uno / Mega / Nano
    • Cheaper clones of Arduino boards.
    • Great for beginners or bulk classroom use.

More Powerful Microcontrollers

These offer more processing power or features:

  1. Raspberry Pi Pico / Pico W
    • Based on the RP2040 chip (dual-core ARM Cortex-M0+).
    • Programmable in MicroPython, C/C++, or via Arduino IDE (with configuration).
  2. Teensy (by PJRC)
    • Very powerful (Cortex-M4 or M7); supports audio, real-time control.
    • Arduino IDE compatible via Teensyduino add-on.
  3. ESP8266 / ESP32 (by Espressif)
    • Built-in Wi-Fi (and Bluetooth for ESP32).
    • Compatible with Arduino IDE and great for IoT.

Industrial / Educational Boards

These are designed for durability, education, or expanded use cases:

  1. Micro:bit (BBC)
    • ARM Cortex-M0/M4; ideal for education.
    • Has built-in sensors, LEDs, Bluetooth.
  2. STM32 Nucleo Boards
    • Based on STM32 ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers.
    • Arduino pin compatibility + STM32Cube ecosystem.
  3. Particle Photon / Argon
  • Focused on cloud-connected IoT.
  • Works with Particle Cloud and supports Arduino-like development.

 

Raspberry Pi

Direct Raspberry Pi Alternatives

  1. Banana Pi Series (e.g., BPI-M5, BPI-M2 Pro)
    • ARM-based; similar form factor and GPIO layout.
    • Often more RAM or better I/O, but software support can lag.
  2. Orange Pi Series (e.g., Orange Pi 5, Orange Pi Zero 2)
    • Powerful Rockchip/Allwinner-based boards.
    • Great specs for the price, but less mature OS/software support.
  3. Rock Pi Series (by Radxa) (e.g., Rock Pi 4, Rock Pi 5)
    • Rockchip RK3399 or RK3588-based (much more powerful than Pi 4).
    • Good performance and better AI acceleration than Raspberry Pi.
  4. Odroid Series (by Hardkernel) (e.g., Odroid-C4, Odroid-N2+, Odroid-XU4)
    • ARM Cortex-A73/A55 or Exynos-based.
    • Powerful, with good Linux support and active community.
  5. Libre Computer Boards (e.g., Le Potato, Tritium)
    • Raspberry Pi-compatible form factor.
    • Mainline Linux kernel support; focused on open-source.

More Powerful SBCs (Edge AI / Desktop Replacement)

  1. NVIDIA Jetson Series (e.g., Jetson Nano, Jetson Orin Nano)
  • Built for AI and computer vision (CUDA/GPU acceleration).
  • Ideal for robotics and ML projects.
  1. BeagleBone Black / AI-64
  • More focused on real-time control and I/O (PRUs).
  • BeagleBone AI-64 competes with Jetson and Pi 5 in power.
  1. UP Board Series (by AAEON)
  • Intel x86-based SBCs.
  • Suitable for industrial, Windows/Linux desktop, or edge AI.

Ultra-Compact Boards (Raspberry Pi Zero Competitors)

  1. NanoPi Series (by FriendlyELEC) (e.g., NanoPi Neo, NanoPi R5S)
    • Tiny, affordable, with various performance levels.
    • Great for headless IoT and embedded projects.
  2. LattePanda Series
  • Intel Atom/x86 SBC with optional Arduino co-processor.
  • Unique combo of PC power and microcontroller I/O.

 

STM32

Some microcontroller families that compete directly with STM32 (by STMicroelectronics), offering similar or better features depending on the application:

ARM Cortex-M Competitors

  1. NXP LPC Series (LPC800 / LPC1100 / LPC54000, etc.)
  • ARM Cortex-M0/M3/M4/M33 cores.
  • Known for low power and good USB support.
  • Strong IDE support via MCUXpresso.
  1. Renesas RA and RX Series
  • RA: ARM Cortex-M (RA2, RA4, RA6 with M23/M33).
  • RX: Proprietary 32-bit core, high performance, low power.
  • Industrial reliability and long-term availability.
  1. Nordic Semiconductor nRF52 / nRF53 Series
  • ARM Cortex-M4/M33 with integrated Bluetooth Low Energy.
  • Excellent for low-power wireless applications.
  1. Texas Instruments MSP432 / Tiva C Series
  • MSP432: ARM Cortex-M4F, low power, high precision ADCs.
  • Tiva C: ARM Cortex-M4, general purpose.
  1. Silicon Labs EFM32 Gecko Series
  • ARM Cortex-M0+/M3/M4.
  • Extremely low power (Energy Micro acquisition).
  • Great for battery-powered devices.

IoT-Focused Chips with Wi-Fi/Bluetooth

  1. Espressif ESP32 / ESP32-S3 / ESP32-C6
  • Dual-core or single-core RISC-V/ARM variants.
  • Built-in Wi-Fi + BLE.
  • Low cost, Arduino and MicroPython support.
  1. Raspberry Pi RP2040
  • Dual-core Cortex-M0+ (not STM32 level in raw power).
  • PIO (Programmable IO) is unique.
  • Popular due to price and community support.

Higher-End SoCs (for more powerful tasks)

  1. NXP i.MX RT Series (“crossover” MCUs)
  • ARM Cortex-M7 running up to 600 MHz.
  • Bridges gap between MCU and MPU (e.g., STM32H7 vs. i.MX RT1060).
  1. Microchip SAM E / D / L Series (formerly Atmel)
  • ARM Cortex-M0+/M4/M7 variants.
  • Good IDE (MPLAB X), integrates well with peripherals and TrustZone.

 

Software used in Embedded System

Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

These are used where timing precision and low latency are crucial (e.g., robotics, medical, automotive):

RTOS Key Features Competitors
FreeRTOS (by Amazon) Lightweight, portable, wide MCU support, AWS integration Zephyr, ChibiOS, ThreadX
Zephyr RTOS (by Linux Foundation) Scalable, native device tree support, built-in networking FreeRTOS, NuttX
ChibiOS/RT Small footprint, real-time, HAL support FreeRTOS, CMSIS-RTOS
ThreadX (Azure RTOS) Deterministic, supported by Microsoft FreeRTOS, Zephyr
RIOT OS Designed for IoT devices with low power and low memory Contiki, TinyOS
NuttX (by Apache) POSIX-compliant, supports MMU-based processors Zephyr, Linux
Micrium uC/OS-II / III Industrial-grade RTOS (now part of Silicon Labs) ThreadX

 

Embedded Linux Distributions

Used for more powerful processors (e.g., ARM Cortex-A, x86) in applications like edge computing, gateways, and media devices:

Linux Distro Key Features Competitors
Yocto Project Build-your-own Linux distro for embedded systems Buildroot, OpenWRT
Buildroot Lightweight, simple Linux rootfs builder Yocto, Alpine
OpenWRT Specialized for networking/routers DD-WRT, pfSense
Raspberry Pi OS Debian-based; official for Raspberry Pi Armbian, Ubuntu Core
Ubuntu Core Minimal, snap-based, secure OS for IoT Yocto, Raspbian

 

Bare-Metal / SDKs / HALs

For ultra-low-latency and simplicity (no OS):

Platform Key Features Competitors
CMSIS (ARM) ARM’s standard for Cortex-M abstraction STM32 HAL, Atmel ASF
Arduino Framework Easy C/C++ wrapper for embedded development PlatformIO, Energia
mbed OS (by ARM) C++ RTOS and IoT SDK, now merged into Mbed TLS Zephyr, FreeRTOS

 

IDEs and Toolchains

Toolchain / IDE Notes Competitors
STM32CubeIDE Integrated with STM32 HAL and FreeRTOS Keil MDK, IAR Embedded Workbench
Keil MDK (Arm) Professional ARM IDE, real-time debugger IAR, MPLAB X
IAR Embedded Workbench High-performance, industry-standard Keil, STM32CubeIDE
PlatformIO Modern, cross-platform CLI/IDE that supports many frameworks Arduino IDE, MPLAB X
MPLAB X IDE (Microchip) For PIC, AVR, SAM devices Atmel Studio, Keil
SEGGER Embedded Studio Known for J-Link debugger integration IAR, Keil

 

IoT Focused Software

Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) for IoT

RTOS Ideal Use Case Highlights
FreeRTOS (Amazon) MCU-based IoT sensors, BLE devices, home automation Lightweight, modular, AWS IoT integration, great community
Zephyr RTOS Industrial IoT, secure devices, BLE/Wi-Fi sensors Scalable, native device tree support, modern APIs
ThreadX (Azure RTOS) Consumer IoT devices, wearables Compact, deterministic; Azure IoT SDK built-in
RIOT OS Low-power constrained IoT nodes IPv6/6LoWPAN, open-source, energy-efficient
Contiki-NG Wireless sensor networks, 6LoWPAN/CoAP Proven in research, IPv6-ready, power-aware
NuttX POSIX-like OS for more complex MCU applications Compatible with SMP, supports file systems and TCP/IP

 

Embedded Linux for Edge IoT & Gateways

For more capable IoT devices (e.g., gateways, smart hubs):

Distro Ideal Use Case Highlights
Yocto Project Custom Linux distros for industrial IoT Fine control over kernel and packages
Buildroot Lightweight Linux for constrained edge devices Simpler than Yocto, fast build time
Ubuntu Core Secure gateways and OTA-updated IoT devices Snap-based updates, secure by design
OpenWRT Networked IoT gateways, routers Great networking support, extensible
Raspberry Pi OS / Armbian Pi-based IoT hubs Easier dev, large community, GPIO access

 

SDKs / Frameworks / Middleware

Platform Best For Features
Arduino Framework Quick prototyping for IoT sensors Simple, fast, broad hardware support
PlatformIO Cross-platform IoT development Supports ESP32, STM32, RP2040, and RTOSes
Mbed OS ARM Cortex-M IoT devices TLS, cloud SDKs, RTOS + HAL layers
Espressif IDF (ESP32 SDK) Wi-Fi/BLE-based IoT Fine control, optimized for ESP32 family
TinyGo Small-scale Go for IoT MCUs Great for experimentation, compile to ARM Cortex-M

 

IoT Cloud Integration (Optional Middleware)

Cloud SDK Best For Notes
AWS IoT Core + FreeRTOS Cloud-connected embedded devices Secure OTA, MQTT, shadow devices
Azure IoT + ThreadX / RTOS Industrial IoT Tight integration with Azure services
Google Cloud IoT Core (3rd party SDKs) Prototyping with ESP32/RPi Deprecated officially, but usable
ThingsBoard / Node-RED Local or custom IoT dashboards Great for DIY/local control systems

 

Recommendations by IoT Device Type

Device Type Recommended Stack
Battery-powered sensor FreeRTOS or Zephyr + MQTT + PlatformIO
Smart appliance (Wi-Fi) ESP32 + FreeRTOS or Espressif IDF
Wearable / BLE device Zephyr + Nordic nRF52 + NimBLE
IoT gateway Raspberry Pi + Ubuntu Core or Yocto + Node-RED
Industrial sensor node STM32 + ThreadX / Zephyr + MQTT/CoAP

 

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Special Screen Protector for LCD

Phantom Glass is a brand of high-end tempered glass screen protectors designed for electronic devices like smartphones, tablets, and laptops.

It is the one of the toughest, strongest glass screen protection available in the market.

Key features include:

  • High-strength protection: It can withstand heavy impacts, scratches, and daily wear and tear.
  • Ultra-clear transparency: It’s almost invisible, maintaining the original clarity and color of your device’s screen.
  • Fingerprint and smudge resistance: It has a special coating that makes it easier to clean and keeps the screen looking fresh.
  • Easy installation: Typically designed for bubble-free application.
  • Perfect fit: Custom-made for different brands and models of devices.

Best-in-Class Impact Resistance
9H Surface Hardness

Phantom Glass is manufactured with ion-exchange strengthened glass, offering superior durability against impacts, scratches, and surface wear.
In rigorous testing, Phantom Glass successfully passed 10 consecutive drops from a height of 1 meter directly onto the screen, meeting stringent standards required for aerospace-grade products.

Engineered for extreme resilience, Phantom Glass ensures maximum protection and structural integrity under the most demanding conditions.

In short, Phantom Glass is designed to protect your device screen as much as possible without affecting how it looks or feels.

 

Constructions and data:

 

E-paper/E-ink Front-light Introduction

LCD modules typically have a backlight because they are transmissive, but e-paper is reflective and does not have a backlight, making it perfectly usable in daylight. However, there is also a need for e-paper applications at night, which has led to the introduction of a new term, “front light” (前光). This also includes discussions on touch technology and lamination techniques associated with E-paper displays.

E-paper touch front light module structure

This is an overall diagram of the e-paper module. The upper red frame indicates the touch lamination, and the lower red frame shows the light guide component, followed by the EPD module and EMR. The touch lamination module consists of a cover plate, sensor, flexible circuit, and OCA. The front light component includes a light guide plate, OCA, and a flexible circuit containing beads. There are at least three layers of OCA, leading to a minimum of six lamination processes. The assembly plan is designed with one guide (dot pattern of the light guide plate), two types of lighting (cold and warm colors, or standard and high color gamut), three materials (materials for the light guide plate, sensor, and OCA), and at least six lamination processes.

Light guiding principle

This description refers to a schematic of a front light system, where light from a side-mounted source is manipulated using an input structure resembling gears and a dot pattern on the bottom. These structures refract or reflect the LED light, altering its direction to uniformly distribute it across the entire light guide plate. The illustration on the right shows this progression from a point (the light source) to a line (the light strip) to the entire surface of the light guide plate.

Color Saturation: Light Guide Plate Solution

Color e-paper modules, in comparison to monochrome ones, require light to pass through the RGB color filter twice, resulting in significant light loss, reduced brightness, and paler colors. To enhance brightness, changes were made to the dot patterns on the light guide plate. Smaller dots and adjusted angles increase effective light reflection. The angle of the dots was changed from 50° to 30°, which, through testing, increased light output by 10%.

 

Color Saturation: LED Bead Solution

Another approach to enhancing color saturation involves using LED lights. Specifically, using a blue LED chip that stimulates red and green phosphors to produce their respective colors. By enlarging the triangular areas where these interactions occur, the overall color gamut can be significantly broadened. In the images discussed, the left side exhibits some yellowish color distortion due to this effect. Despite all other aspects being the same, except for the type of LED beads, this results in markedly different visual outcomes.

 

The Impact of OCA Material

OCA material: The light guide plate has dots, typically concave. After lamination, the OCA fully immerses into the dots of the light guide plate, greatly impacting the optical matching and light guiding properties. The image on the left appears overall darker, which is also reflected in test data, whereas the data on the right shows overall brighter results. Just the difference in OCA materials can lead to this variation, hence the selection of different OCA materials is crucial for the corresponding product lamination.

 

The Impact of Sensor Material

Different sensor materials are currently used, mainly ITO Film and Metal Mesh. In terms of transparency, especially since color e-paper has higher demands for transparency, color e-paper generally prefers Metal Mesh. Both ITO Film and Metal Mesh work well with monochrome e-paper without any issues.

The Impact of Light Guide Materials

The material of the light guide plate significantly affects its performance because different materials influence the effectiveness of the dot patterns differently.

Should you have any questions about front-light, please contact our engineers.

 

Check out our E-paper products in stock here!

E-Paper

Introduction to E-paper

1. The Concept of E-paper

E-paper can maintain its display even when powered off, possessing a certain memory capacity and most functionalities of traditional paper. The base material of e-paper is primarily polyester compounds, coated with circuits on the surface. Changes in the external electric field control the movement of electronic capsules within the circuit to alter text and images. E-paper features low power consumption and flexibility, providing delicate display quality, a wide viewing angle, and excellent visibility under sunlight without any blind spots.

In 1999, E Ink Corporation first introduced a display using electronic ink. In 2007, Amazon released the first-generation Kindle e-reader, equipped with a 6-inch, 4-level e-ink display. From the classic black-and-white e-ink display to today, it has evolved to achieve full-color display capabilities with eight primary colors. Compared to traditional displays, e-ink screens have a bistable characteristic, meaning they only consume power when the pixel colors change. The screen can retain images even after the power is turned off. Moreover, as a display technology, e-ink screens can mimic the visual experience of printing and writing on paper.

2. Display Principles of E-paper

There are several technological approaches for e-paper, including Electrophoretic Display Technology (EPD), Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display (Ch-LCD), Bistable Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Technology (Bi-TNLCD), Electro-Wetting Display Technology (EWD), Electrofluidic Display Technology (EFD), and Interferometric Modulator Technology (iMod). Among these, electrophoretic display technology is the most representative, having been in mass production for many years with mature processes, low cost, high performance, and closest resemblance to traditional paper.

Electrophoretic display technology is one of the earliest developed paper-like display technologies. Its basic principle involves using an external electric field to control the movement of charged particles within a liquid. When these particles move to a specific position, they display different colors.

Electrophoretic ink technology, commonly known as electronic ink, involves applying electronic ink onto a layer of plastic film, then overlaying it with a thin-film transistor (TFT) circuit. Controlled by a driving IC, this arrangement forms pixel graphics, creating Electronic Paper Displays (EPD). Unlike typical flat-panel displays that use light emission to produce images, electronic ink screens primarily employ electrophoretic display technology. They rely on reflecting ambient light for image display, making reading more comfortable. Moreover, the displayed images remain clear even under direct sunlight, with a very wide viewing angle, theoretically up to 180 degrees.

 

3. Construction of E-paper

Electronic Paper Displays (EPD) typically consist of anti-glare glass, a front light source, touch functionality, electronic ink film, a TFT backplane, a controller, and a power manager, among other components. The electronic ink film is usually composed of millions of microcapsules. These microcapsules contain black and white particles that are charged either positively or negatively. They move in response to changes in the electric field, allowing specific areas to appear black or white, thus forming the corresponding pixel graphics.

The core substance developed by E Ink Holdings for their microcapsule electronic ink technology is electronic ink, which mainly consists of two parts: black dye and white charged titanium dioxide electrophoretic particles.

The electronic particles are suspended in the dye, arranged uniformly and move randomly. They are encapsulated by a transparent shell. Under the influence of an external electric field, the white particles can sense the charge and move in different directions. The side where white particles accumulate can display white, while the opposite side shows the color of the dye, that is, black. E-paper uses this principle to achieve color transitions for text and images.

4. E-paper Materials

  • Substrate Materials: E-paper substrates are typically made of plastic (such as polyester film) or glass. Plastic substrates have the advantage of being lightweight and flexible, making them suitable for creating bendable e-paper. Glass substrates, on the other hand, provide better protection and durability.
  • Microcapsule Materials: Microcapsules are the core components of e-paper and are usually made of polymer materials. Each microcapsule contains black and white particles, which are typically made from materials such as carbon black or white titanium dioxide. The size of microcapsules generally ranges from a few microns to several tens of microns.
  • Conductive Materials: The transparent electrodes of e-paper typically use indium tin oxide (ITO) or other conductive materials. These materials not only possess good conductivity but also high transparency, effectively conducting electricity without affecting the display quality.
  • Ink Materials: The pigment particles used in electronic ink are usually made from inorganic or organic materials, offering good dispersibility and stability to ensure the clarity and longevity of displayed images.
  • Protective Film: To enhance the durability of e-paper, a protective film is often applied to the surface. This film helps prevent scratches and external damage, thereby extending the lifespan of the e-paper.

 

5. E-paper Manufacturing Process

The technology of electrophoretic ink, commonly known as electronic ink, is central to the manufacturing process of e-paper. This process involves coating a layer of electronic ink onto a plastic film. A thin-film transistor (TFT) circuit is then laminated onto this coated film. Controlled by a driver IC, this arrangement facilitates the formation of pixel graphics, which are the building blocks of the Electronic Paper Displays (EPD). This method allows for precise control and manipulation of the ink particles within the microcapsules, enabling the display to show images and text by rearranging these particles under electrical influence.

To control production costs and considering the characteristics of electrophoretic display materials, current microcapsule electrophoretic display films are produced using a roll-to-roll coating method. This process allows for the rapid production of display materials that meet the requirements of product applications. The mentioned image would typically show the roll of film material as it is processed in this continuous manufacturing method.

6. Advantages and Disadvantages of E-paper

·       Advantages

    • Low Energy Consumption: E-paper consumes very low power, typically only using electricity when refreshing the display, thus using almost no power in standby mode.
    • Good Readability: Due to its reflective display nature, e-paper maintains good readability under strong light, similar to that of traditional paper.
    • Lightweight and Flexible: The lightness and flexibility of e-paper make it suitable for various portable devices and flexible displays.
    • Eye Comfort: E-paper reduces glare and blue light radiation, making it more comfortable for long reading sessions.

·       Disadvantages

    • Cost: The production cost of e-paper is relatively high, which limits its proliferation in some low-end markets. However, the yield of electrophoretic display technology, especially microcapsule display technology, is expected to improve annually due to its simple manufacturing process and roll-to-roll coating method similar to paper production. As production volumes and yields increase, the cost of e-paper displays is expected to decrease annually. Like other electronics, the price of e-paper displays will likely continue to fall, leading to various emerging applications as costs decrease.
    • Slow Refresh Rate: E-paper has a relatively slow refresh rate, making it unsuitable for displaying dynamic videos or rapidly changing content. To meet the performance requirements of bistability, e-paper display technology sacrifices response speed, with update times taking several hundred milliseconds, which is insufficient for video applications. With technological advancements, faster responding e-paper materials have emerged, and response times have been reduced to tens of milliseconds, with potential for further improvements to meet customer demands in the future.
    • Full Colorization: Most e-paper display technologies are primarily monochrome, and color e-paper has higher costs and technical challenges. Currently, color electrophoretic display e-paper can be achieved in two ways: one using a color filter over black and white e-paper, and the other using colored particles or dyes, with samples already produced. However, because it relies on reflected light for imaging, e-paper screens appear somewhat dim compared to the brightness and color accuracy of LCD screens. Thus, colorization is a revolutionary breakthrough for e-paper technology, with significant resources being devoted to research and development, promising the future availability of color e-paper displays.
    • Durability: While e-paper is relatively durable, its performance may be impacted under extreme conditions (such as high temperatures and humidity). Unlike conventional readers who might not expect to roll up a book, the primary purpose of using flexible e-paper displays is not to be rollable but to be portable and impact-resistant. Flexible e-paper displays can opt for plastic substrates as backplanes. E-paper with plastic substrates is about 80% lighter than those made with glass materials and only about 0.3 mm thick, meeting the demands for lightweight, thin, and impact-resistant features. However, the biggest challenge for plastic substrates is their heat resistance and chemical stability, requiring ongoing improvements in substrate materials.

 

7. Applications of E-paper

  • E-book Readers: E-paper is most famously used in e-book readers, such as Amazon’s Kindle. Due to its paper-like reading experience, e-paper allows users to read for long periods without significant eye fatigue.

  • Billboards and Information Displays: Many businesses and public spaces are beginning to use e-paper for billboards and information display systems. E-paper’s clarity in sunlight and low energy consumption make it ideal for displaying information over extended periods.

  • Smart Labels: In retail and logistics, e-paper labels (such as electronic shelf labels) are widely used. They can be updated in real-time with price and product information, reducing the costs associated with manual updates.
  • Wearable Devices: Some smartwatches and fitness trackers have started incorporating e-paper display technology to enhance battery life and improve readability under various lighting conditions.

  • Educational Devices: E-paper technology is gradually being adopted in the education sector, for example in electronic exam papers and learning tablets, offering a more flexible and environmentally friendly way of learning.

 

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E-Paper